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10/13/2005:
Added a bunch of Teledisk versions and other Sydex software sent by David S.
06/09/2005:
Added Transcopy versions 2.6 and 4.0 from an anonymous donor.
07/27/2004:
Added a utility circa 1990 called VENUS. It was sent in by Jacopo Lazzari. Thanks!
03/24/2004:
Added a bunch of unsorted floppy-copying related utilities sent in by Bleuge.
01/12/2004:
Gene Thompson is currently reverse engineering the Central Point boards and the Transcopy software in order to document its inner workings. His progress on the schematic and disassembly can be downloaded at ftp://ftp.blarg.net/users/genet/. If you can offer any assistance you are encouraged to contact him by e-mail at genet@blarg.net.
06/02/2003:
Added version 2.2 of Transcopy kindly submitted by Michael Brutman. Added a FAQ section.
01/13/2003:
Added information about the Enhanced Option Board that was submitted kindly by Andrei. The EOB is the DOB's cousin with extra support for emulation of burn-hole protections.
09/02/2002:
Some more versions of Transcopy were submitted. Thanks to Michael Esposito.
04/15/2002:
NEW: Someone has submitted some information for programming the non-Deluxe Transcopy board.
04/14/2002:
The Option Board is an add-in disk controller for the IBM PC that can defeat weak-bits schemes, custom formats, long tracks, you name it. 99% of floppies with disk-based protections made before 1990 can be duplicated perfectly by the Option Board. It can copy to another floppy or to/from an image file on the hard drive. It can copy FM Atari disks, GCR Commodore and Apple disks (albeit not many with protection), and enables the PC to read (and copy files to and from) 400K MFS and 800K HFS Apple Macintosh floppy disks.
In short, if you deal with old hardware, floppy disks across platforms, protected floppies or "booters", especially if they need archival, this board is your wet dream. However, it may set you back up to $300 on Ebay; be prepared. Or, dig them out of the trash like I do. :-P
Here is the Option Board manual in DjVu Bundled format.
You must have the DjVu Browser Plug-in installed, or download the manual to your machine and use the DjVu viewer.
Central Point Deluxe Option Board 1988 Manual (6.2 megs): cpdob.djvu
1989 Manual Addendum: Page 1 Page 2
Official list of successfully backed-up programs and parameters to use: here
I can't get images created with one version of Transcopy to work with another. What gives?
Jim Leonard writes:
That was my experience as well. When using TC, your best bet is to always use the latest version released UNLESS you have a problem -- THEN you start backing down versions. Different versions are incompatible because they used different timing algorithms to snag bits. So you have files that are the same size, but with bits in different patterns/starting locations, across versions of TC.
An older version of {Option Board|Transcopy Software} used to copy my program just fine. Now I got a newer card, and it does not.
Both Jim Leonard and David Sutherland confirm that while the integrated and non-integrated versions of the Option Board have the same capabilities, the software was made 'weaker' in later revisions. This is likely due to pressure from software and/or protection vendors.
The last release of Transcopy was version 5.4, released in August 1989.
A description of the various utilities that come with the Transcopy package:
Transcopy stands for "Transition Copier", which describes how it works; it simply copies the flux reversals (transitions) on the disk, without a care as to what the data on the disc actually is.
(click for full-size PNG images, 2.5meg apiece)
(click for high-quality JPG images)
A famous IBM PC disk boot sector:
TE can even edit the clocking/sync data on the diskette:
If you send me the blank disks, postage fee, and $1USD per copy, I will make duplicates of low density 5.25 or 3.5 inch (160/180/320/360/720KB) IBM/DOS-format diskettes for academic or individual users. For business users, contact me for more information.
Send blanks, a postage-paid return envelope, and cash or money order to:
Ryan Underwood
1307 Maple St.
Rolla MO 65401
Items received without payment, identification, return mail envelope/postage, or blank diskettes will be held. I will provide blank diskettes at a cost of $5 per diskette, include this with your payment if you wish to go this route. If you ship USPS, use insurance and a magnetic media mailer please!
I am buying half-height 360KB drives and Option Boards. I'll trade copying services for either of these items. In the case of Option Boards, I will purchase them outright from you for a reasonable price.
In 1981, a little-known company called Central Point Software released a nibble copier for the Apple ][ called Copy ][ Plus. Overnight, it shook up the industry. Never before did a user have so much control over the data on their machine. Copy ][ allowed the user to do anything from file management to making perfect bitwise copies of copy protected software diskettes.
Copy ][ was a massive success. In 1983, Central Point released a similar utility for making disk copies on the IBM PC called, aptly, Copy II PC. It was a vast improvement over the DISKCOPY command that was shipped with DOS. But, it could only do so much, due to the IBM PC's floppy controller hardware being asymmetric in nature (it can read much more information from a disk than it can write). Hence vendors would custom-format floppies to put information in the readable but not writable area, making it uncopyable by the IBM PC hardware.
Enter the Copy II PC Deluxe Option Board. Released in 1986, it is probably one of the most unique pieces of hardware ever produced for the PC platform. It is a simple board that is installed in between the floppy disk controller card and the floppy drive. Its function? To place the floppy drive completely under control of the Transcopy software that it shipped with, enabling the drive to do everything that the protection vendors were counting on PC drives _not_ being able to do.
Central Point charged $159 for the Option Board when it was released, and the boards flew off the shelves faster than they could make them. Central Point was an overnight household name in geek circles. When vendors released new protections, Central Point issued updated Transcopy software to handle the new schemes.
edit: They also purposefully removed some functionality in later releases due to pressure from the companies whose software was broken by the Option Board. Thus earlier versions of Transcopy may copy software that later versions will not. Thanks Trixter.
Nearly immediately, the PC diskette protection business came to a grinding halt. How could you make a profit when it's costing people practically nothing to completely undercut your business? Protections shifted from disk-based schemes to documentation checks, serial numbers, registration keys, and port dongles. By 1990, nearly all diskette-based copy protection had disappeared forever.
The result was disastrous for Central Point. Demand for the board ceased once new software no longer had disk-based protection. In 1989, Central Point stopped manufacturing new Option Boards, and in 1990 closed out the stock at $100 apiece. In 1993, Central Point (and its PC Tools and CP-Backup franchise) were swallowed by Symantec. The thrill ride was over.
One legacy remains today from the Option Board and from Central Point Software, the gutsy little software vendor who defied the desires of an entire industry, and against the wishes of its megacorporate brethren, gave users the power they wanted over the software they owned.
edit: Actually this isn't entirely true; in the end they caved into vendors' demands, and removed some capabilities from later versions of Transcopy, as Trixter points out. We'll leave that sentence in for its epic and grandiose demeanor though. 8-)
If it weren't for the Option Board, we might still be dealing with keydisks and booters today. Who knows?
Of course, we still have media-based protections today that, while inconvenient, are easily defeated by commodity hardware. Any kid in the world with a decent CD burner can copy any protected disc out there. So the issue of protected software is almost not even an issue anymore.
The Deluxe Option Board will forever haunt vendors of copy protection malware; a marvelous feat of engineering and ingenuity that it was. Central Point saw a need for something, and in the truest of American tradition, fulfilled it, even having their legs broken for it.
The Option Board proved once and for all, and is still a reminder in the DMCA-threatened time of today, that no matter what draconian and proprietary barriers are put in its path, fair use will always conquer, as human ingenuity knows no bounds.
Guess what? Under the laws of today, the Option Board would not have been legal. In fact, most disk copiers of the day would not have been. Under the DMCA, any "copyright protection circumvention device" is illegal to manufacture, sell, or use.
The DMCA (Digital Millenium Copyright Act) of 1998, signed into law by Bill Clinton and the Democrat Party, takes your fair-use rights away and places them directly into corporate control. Naturally, the copyright industry applauded this law, as they want every bit of control they can muster over how you use the software that you've paid for. They also run extensive spin campaigns to make it quite apparent just how bad "software pirates" are (Ashcroft calls them "digital terrorists", LOL), and how much money they lose to "software piracy" every fiscal period.
The tactics used are alarmingly similar to the DEA anti-drug propaganda campaign. When you take the BSA and IDSA raids and seizures into account, and the vast foreign powers that make an entire industry of software copying, the war on piracy is unbelievably similar to the "drug war". And, like the drug war, it is ultimately futile and not beneficial to society. If people want to do drugs, they'll do them. If people want to copy software, they'll copy it. Reasonable alternatives should be focused on, instead of spending billions of taxpayers' dollars and passing laws, to fight losing battles that any rational person would admit really aren't that important anyway. They are losing battles in each case because, even though the majority has voted laws against them, there are still a significant number of people who are in favor of piracy and/or drugs.
As the war on drugs lost us medicinal use for "illegal" drugs, and the war on "terrorism" led to our individual privacy being signed away in the "Patriot Act", our right to fair use has been effectively neutered with the DMCA.
Fair use entitles you to at least one backup copy of software media in the case that the original media would be damaged or lost. That was twenty years ago. Now, not only are you not allowed to make a backup copy because of protection, if you circumvent the protection to make a copy, you've just broken the DMCA and are subject to years in prison and hundreds of thousands in fines. The DMCA has effectively legislated fair use out of existence, so now vendors are free to play whatever games they want with the purchasers of their product, and only the purchaser stands to suffer for it.
Anyway, whatever rose-colored image of their grand and benevolent intentions the media companies would like to paint to the average American consumer, the bottom line remains that the DMCA has taken more power away from the little guy, and placed it into the hands of the big boys. This year, we've had to fight off even another law (the SSSCA and CBDTPA) that would have made "digital devices without copy control measures" illegal. The computer on your desk? Illegal. Your car stereo? Illegal. Your wristwatch? Illegal. These restrictions were masked under the supposedly benevolent title of the law, "The Consumer Broadband and Digitial Television Promotion Act". Given that slimy title, and knowing nothing else about it, what would you have done if it was on your ballot?
When will the baloney stop? When we stop electing public officials who kowtow to corporate interests over the interests of society as a whole. And if you care at all about the state of digital technology, you must join the effort to resist this anti-individual, corporate legislation.
Please visit the Anti-DMCA to read more information and learn how to voice your concern about these laws that are impeding the intellectual progress of America, by protecting the short-term interests of a chosen few. (And doing it under the thin veil of "advancing consumer technology by protecting intellectual property".) Also visit Chilling Effects for a reference to the actions that have been taken under these new IP laws, and how you can protect yourself. Donate money to the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a group of lawyers and scholars who are attempting to redefine electronic laws. These are the good guys; they need your help! And read Slashdot and Kuro5hin for the latest news and discussion about such topics.
And please use an operating system that is created and controlled in the public interest, and not by a greedy multinational corporation which is focused on eliminating your choice to use any software but its own.
</rant>
Ryan Underwood, <nemesis at icequake.net>
Last modified: 04/14/2002